written calculation

基本解释

It is concluded that mathematicians formed and calculated mainly by means of written calculation with pen and paper in the Qing Dynasty.
讨论了清代使用的各种计算手段，指出清代数学家在数学研究中采用的计算手段和演算方法主要是笔算。
This paper gives a skill calculating deflections of frame beams by the method of combining written calculation with zooming and discusses some related problems.
本文提出了一个手、电算结合计算框架梁挠度的技巧，分析了采用这一方法的必要性及相关问题。
In the pre-test students to understand the true starting point for students and demand, subject to the addition to the three-digit written calculation of the teaching.
在对学生进行了前测，力求读懂学生的真实起点与需求的前题下，来进行笔算三位数的加法的教学。